4. Detailed Formatting Instructions
Please follow this order to type the manuscript: cover letter, title page, abstract, keywords, main text (including tables and figures), appendix (if necessary),acknowledgements, author contributions( not required for front-matter articles), references, author biography, graphical abstract and electronic supplementary material (if necessary).
4.1. Title page
The title page should include:
A concise and informative title: Title should be succinct, objective, interesting and grammatically correct. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.
Author names and affiliations: Please clearly indicate the given name(s) and family name(s) of each author and check that all names are accurately spelled. Present the authors' affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.
Corresponding author: Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication. This responsibility includes answering any future queries about Methodology and Materials. Ensure that the e-mail address is given and that contact details are kept up to date by the corresponding author.
*Changes to the author list between initial submission and revision must be accompanied by an explanatory statement in the cover letter for the revision and a completed "Change in Authorship Request" form, which will be sent by the Journal Editorial Office. These changes will be accepted at the discretion of the Editor and may lead to rejection of the manuscript. Changes of authorship or the order of authors are not accepted after acceptance of a manuscript.
4.2. Abstract and keywords
A concise and factual abstract is needed for regular research articles and review articles to state the main purpose and research questions of the study, the methods, the main results, and the key conclusions. Abstract should be 300-500 characters in length. No footnotes, references, figures, or tables may appear in the abstract.
Immediately after the abstract, please provide 4–6 keywords, which can be used for indexing purpose.
4.3. Main body
Manuscripts describing original research typically include the following sections: Introduction; Methods; Results and discussion; Conclusions. In submissions that have a significant theoretical or mathematical component, a section for the description of the analytical procedures may be required.
Heading/section levels (numbered). For regular research articles and review articles, please use the decimal system of headings. Please divide the article into clearly defined and consecutively numbered sections and subsections. Sections should be numbered 1, 2, etc. Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, …), 1.2, etc. Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to “the text”. Each section and subsection should be given a brief heading and each heading should appear on its own separate line. Review article should begin with an Introduction section and end with a Conclusions or Summary section.
Abbreviations. Abbreviations should be defined at the point of first use and be used consistently thereafter. Abbreviations defined in the Abstract should be re-defined in the main text of the submission.
Footnotes. Essential footnotes to the text should be numbered consecutively and placed at the bottom of the page to which they refer. Footnotes to the table should be indicated by superscript lower-case letters (or asterisks) and placed immediately below the table.
Units. Please follow internationally accepted rules and conventions such as those defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). If other units are mentioned, please give their equivalent in supplementary information.
Formulae and symbols. Formulae, symbols, and all subscripts, superscripts, Greek letters, and other characters must be legible and carefully checked. Standard mathematical notation should be used. All symbols used in manuscript must be explained. If necessary, a list of symbols may be provided and placed at the end of the Main body.
Equations. Numbering consecutively any equations that have to be displayed separately from the text (if referred to explicitly in the text), and referring the equation with Eq. (1), Eq. (2) … in the text. For the simple formulae which appear in the line of normal text, please use solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line for small fractional terms, e.g., x/y. Powers of e are often more conveniently denoted by “exp”. In principle, variables should be presented in italics.
Figures. All the figures, including data plots, photographs, diagrammatic sketches, flow charts, etc., should be embedded, approximately in their final sizes, in the main text near the paragraph in which they are first referenced, not on separate page(s) at the end. All figures should be numbered using Arab numerals (figure parts should be denoted by lowercase letters) and supplied with a figure caption. Please make sure that all elements found in the figure are identified in the caption. Figures should always be cited in text, such as Fig. 1, Fig. 2 … in consecutive numerical order. Color figures will remain in color in both the printed version and the online version of the journal, at no cost. The authors are encouraged to use color figures in the submitted manuscript.
Tables. All tables should be numbered using Arab numerals and supplied with a table title which explains clearly and concisely the components of the table. Tables should not duplicate results presented elsewhere in the manuscript (for example, in figures). Tables should always be cited in the text, such as Table 1, Table 2 … in consecutive numerical order.
Acknowledgements. The content of Acknowledgments is a list of people who contributed to the work in the manuscript but are not named in the author list, and a list of funding sources that supported the research presented. The names of funding organizations should be written in full. Do not include acknowledgements on the title page, as a footnote to the title or otherwise.
Citations & references. All citations in the text should be done as follows:
Indicate references by number(s) in square brackets in line with the text. The actual authors can be referred to, but the reference number(s) must always be given.
Example: “..... as demonstrated[3,6]…”, “Barnaby and Jones[8] obtained a different result ....”
Reference to a journal publication:
[1] Zhou, J. W., Ruan, L. Y., Chen, H. J., (please list the first three authors) et al. Inhibition of quorum sensing and virulence in Serratia marcesscens by hordenine. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2019, 67: 784–795. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05922
[2] Kalpana, B. J., Aarthy, S., Pandian, S. K. Antibiofilm activity of α-amylase from Bacillus subtilis S8-18 against biofilm forming human bacterial pathogens. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2012, 167: 1778–1794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-011-9526-2
Books and articles in books
[3] Peyret R, Taylor TD. Computational Methods for Fluid Flow, 2nd edn. New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1983: 216–227.
[4] Volpe R. Techniques for collision prevention, impact stability, and force control by space manipulators. In: Teleoperation and Robotics in Space. Skaar SB, Ruoff CF, Eds. Washington DC: The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1994: 175–212.
Papers in proceedings
[5] Morris JD. Convective heat transfer in radially rotating ducts. In: Proceedings of the Annual Heat Transfer Conference, 1992: 227–234.
Reports, theses, and individual papers
[6] Chapman GT, Tobak M. Nonlinear problems in flight dynamics. NASA TM-85940, 1984.
[7] Steger Jr. JL, Nietubicz CJ, Heavey JE. A general curvilinear grid generation program for projectile configurations. Report No. ARBRL-MR03142. U.S. Army Ballistic Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground MD, 1981.
[8] Tseng K. Nonlinear Green’s function method for transonic potential flow. Ph.D. Dissertation. Cambridge, MA: Aeronautics and Astronautics Department, Boston University, 1983.
Others
[9] Information on http://www.adobe.com/technology/projects.html (cited 1 Jan 2017).
Do not use footnotes or endnotes as a substitute for a reference list.
Author biography. At least the first author’s and the corresponding author’s are required, including the colorful photo, one-paragraph introduction such as study and work experience, research interests, awards received, etc.
Graphical abstract. The authors are required to supply one picture (at least 600 dpi, 5 cm × 8 cm, the ratio of height to length should be less than 1 and larger than 5/8) as graphical abstract with 1–2-sentence summary of the paper.
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESM). If ESM is submitted, it will be published as received from the authors without any conversion, editing, or reformatting. ESM are peer-reviewed materials directly relevant to the conclusions of a paper. Please note that the aims of ESM are only to provide additional, rather than necessary, supports for the conclusions of the paper. The authors are suggested to incorporate all the necessary information in the main text of the manuscript in order that the readers can understand the manuscript content easily and completely without the aid of the ESM. If supplying any ESM, the text must make specific mention of the material as a citation, similar to that of figures and tables (e.g., Fig. S1 in the ESM). Besides, a paragraph should be added before the “References” section (e.g., Electronic Supplementary Material (ESM) The online version contains supplementary material available at https://gkwl.cbpt.cnki.net
Information that cannot be printed, such as animations, video clips, sound recordings, etc., should be supplied always as electronic files with MP4 format.
Information that can be printed, such as text, figures, tables, etc., should be integrated into one electronic file with PDF format.