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2026 05 v.46;No.235 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 37K] - ZHU Bangfen;Department of Physics,Tsinghua University;
The independent cultivation of top-notch innovative talents in basic sciences,particularly in physics,is a critical factor determining China's technological competitiveness and long-term development.However,current talent cultivation faces multiple deep-rooted challenges,including short-termism,exam-oriented education,cultural traditions that inhibit innovation,hindered international exchanges,and the impact of artificial intelligence,which urgently call for systematic responses at both conceptual and institutional levels.This report summarizes the practical experiences of Tsinghua University's Top-notch Talent Program from Phase 1.0 to 2.0.It analyzes the current state of national talent cultivation,the contemporary response to "Qian Xuesen's Question," the characteristics of China's scientific progress,and the in-depth reform of university teaching in the age of artificial intelligence.It also examines the deep-seated issues faced by physics top-notch talent training bases in talent cultivation,including domestic and international social environments,the spiritual and intellectual dimensions of teachers and students,and artificial intelligence,and puts forward several guiding suggestions.This paper reproduces Academician Zhu Bangfen's entire report on cultivating future-oriented original innovative talents centered on the core values of "independent spirit and free thought."
2026 05 v.46;No.235 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 642K] - WANG Qing;Department of Physics,Tsinghua University;
Against the backdrop of the rapid development of artificial intelligence,this paper points out the historical inevitability of exploring the long-term development trend of education and emphasizes that AI's influence on education is deepening continuously.In the future,AI will become the core leading force in education,and human teachers need to seek a path of symbiosis with AI.Combining Geoffrey Hinton's viewpoints with the national action plan for the in-depth implementation of the “AI Plus” initiative,the paper expounds the inevitability of human society's development of AI and the synchronization between the intellectualization of China's education and the construction of an education power.It corely analyzes AI's impact on the underlying logic of education:driven by their intellectual curiosity,students can complete the learning process from total ignorance to profound understanding through continuousinteractionwithAI,which will lead to the gradual replacement of education's knowledgeimparting function by AI,and the core status of ability cultivation will also be weakened in the long run,thus bringing about qualitative changes to many elements of the traditional educational model.As the general introduction to a series of papers,this paper clarifies the logical framework for the analysis of four dimensions,namely Future Teachers,Future Classrooms,Future Schools and Future Learning Centers,and the series will explore these four dimensions in the progressive order from the micro to the macro and from the partial to the whole,laying a theoretical foundation and providing a framework guide for the subsequent four studies.
2026 05 v.46;No.235 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 101K] - XU Junhuai;XIAO Zhigang;Department of Physics,Tsinghua University;
Nuclei are not bags of static balls.Most protons and neutrons move under the overall nuclear environment,but a small fraction can form fleeting close-range partners and carry unusually large momenta.These short-range correlations cannot be photographed directly.Instead,they leave statistical clues in the high-energy gamma-ray spectrum emitted at the earliest stage of a heavy-ion collision:faster neutron-proton encounters are more likely to produce energetic gamma rays,hardening the spectral tail.A recent ~(124)Sn+~(124)Sn experiment at 25 MeV per nucleon used this idea,together with transport-model comparisons,detector calibration,and background checks,to infer that about 20% of nucleons in ~(124)Sn belong to short-rangecorrelation-related high-momentum components.The result provides a complementary gamma-ray route for studying short-distance motion inside nuclei.
2026 05 v.46;No.235 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 304K] - ZHANG Feihao;LONG Guilu;Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences;Department of Physics,Tsinghua University;
Quantum secure direct communication is a quantum communication technology that uses quantum states as carriers to transmit information securely and directly,first proposed by a team at Tsinghua University in 2000.Quantum communication broadly refers to information transfer processing tasks accomplished through the transmission of quantum states,which can be categorized into three types based on the content transmitted:quantum key distribution for transmitting random numbers,quantum secure direct communication for transmitting classical information, and quantum teleportation for transmitting quantum information.After more than two decades of development,quantum secure direct communication has matured and entered practical application:a theoretical framework tailored for scenarios with high loss,high noise,and stringent security requirements has been established;experimental demonstrations of quantum direct communication in optical fibers and free space havebeencompleted;three milestone systems for quantum secure direct communication at the metropolitan,intercity,and network levels have been built;and successful trials have been conducted in various scenarios such as 5 Gprivate networks and banking applications.Quantum secure direct communication offers multiple applications:it prevents information leakage by detecting eavesdropping,ensuring information security;identifies exposed locations by monitoring surveillance activities,providing technical support for preventing targeted eliminations and safeguarding commanders' personal safety;and detects intrusion and tampering behaviors,offering novel protection for cybersecurity.Currently,quantum direct communication has been incorporated into relevant planning documents in China,the European Union,and the United States,and is undergoing rapid development.This article briefly outlines the historical development,fundamental principles,research advancements,and future prospects of quantum direct communication.
2026 05 v.46;No.235 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 268K] - LUO Di;Department of Physics,Tsinghua University;Institute for Advanced Study,Tsinghua University;
Artificial intelligence(AI)and physics are entering a new stage of deep interdisciplinary integration.Physics has long provided foundational ideas for AI,including symmetry,statistical mechanics,and quantum theory,while continuing to inspire new model architectures,learning principles,and computational paradigms.At the same time,as AI systems become increasingly complex,their internal mechanisms,collective behavior,and emergent dynamics are becoming new objects of interest and investigation in physics.In this Perspective,we introduce Physics-first AI,a research paradigm that regards AI as a complex informationprocessing system embedded in the physical world and seeks to understand,design,and build intelligent systems from fundamental physics principles and modes of reasoning.Physics-First AI aims to provide a common foundation for model architectures,training mechanisms,computational processes,and reasoning paradigms through a unified physics perspective.We trace the historical interplay between physics and AI and discuss how structure priors,statistical mechanics,quantum theory,and physics reasoning may together shape the next generation of intelligent systems.We further examine how this emerging paradigm could reshape physics education and the training of interdisciplinary researchers in the AI era.Physics-First AI offers a route toward a physics-grounded theory and design framework for next-generation intelligence,opening new opportunities for scientific AI,autonomous scientific discovery,and ultimately artificial general intelligence.
2026 05 v.46;No.235 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 188K] - ZHAO Yiyang;HU Zhen;Department of Physics,Tsinghua University;
Particle physics experiments have long research cycles and high barriers to entry.Limited human resources make it difficult to fully explore and analyze large volumes of collision data.Agents based on large language models can write code,retrieve literature,and carry out multi-step analyses,offering an opportunity to address this challenge.This article focuses on the Just Furnish Context(JFC)agent framework and examines results produced by the framework,including the CMS H→τ~+τ~-signal-strength measurement and the ALEPH Lund jet-plane density measurement,as well as their implications for particle physics research.It also summarizes the framework's current limitations and discusses prospects for benchmarkdataset construction,data processing at next-generation large-scale scientific facilities,and the training of future physicists.
2026 05 v.46;No.235 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 663K] - WEI Bin;LU Boyu;JIANG Yifan;GUO Xubo;SONG Fei;Department of Physics,Tsinghua University;
This paper reviews the research progress of the research team in the Department of Physics,Tsinghua University,concerning the design,development,and application of hightemperature superconducting(HTS)microwave filters.The current state of HTS microwave filter research is presented,highlighting the team's development efforts in narrowband,widestopband,dual-band,triple-band,and broadband HTS filters.Furthermore,the practical application of HTS filters in mobile communication base stations is discussed.
2026 05 v.46;No.235 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 559K] - GU Chen;ZHANG Liuwan;LAI Lingfeng;WEI Bin;LI Yansong;AN Yu;ZHANG Shangjian;CHEN Xinyi;WANG Qing;WANG Yuhang;DING Xiaodong;WANG Zhi;ZHANG Rui;WANG Peng;HAN Yunyao;MA Boyi;Ren Naijing;LI Wanting;LI Guorui;Department of Physics,Tsinghua University;Beijing Yuanlicheng Superconducting Technology Co.,Ltd.;School of Optoelectronic Scienceand Engineering,University of Electronic Science and Technology of China;Beijing Academy;Shandong Qingdao No.2High School;The Experimental High School Attached to Beij
The Numerical Simulation Experimental Physics(NuSEP)platform has been in operation for more than two years since its launch in 2024.The most consequential development during this period has been the profound and structural transformation of education driven by artificial intelligence,whose breadth and depth have far exceeded expectations.Against this background,this paper examines the development trajectory and application practices of the NuSEP platform,summarizes the experience gained and lessons learned,and discusses its future directions.
2026 05 v.46;No.235 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 330K] - SUN Wenbo;CHEN Yibao;CHEN Zhengyu;WANG Xiufeng;CHEN Hong;ZHANG Liuwan;Department of Physics,Tsinghua University;
This paper presents a refined teaching framework for Tsinghua University's Modern Physics Laboratory course,addressing several common problems in university physics laboratory teaching,including an emphasis on experimental operation over design,results over process,and details over broader scientific perspectives.Guided by national talentdevelopment strategies,Tsinghua University's educational philosophy,and students' future academic and professional needs,the course establishes four core objectives:broading horizons,building solid foundations,learning to practice,and understanding innovation.To implement these objectives effectively,the teaching team developed a refined and differentiated instructional framework consisting of three major components.First,frontier-oriented experimental chains in condensed matter physics,quantum physics,and optics were established to form a longitudinal framework that reflects academic and technological development.Second,three flexible learning modes were introduced to accommodate students with different backgrounds:a basic mode with six conventional experiments,a guided N+X extended-research mode,and an advanced mode centered on one independent experiment;a process-based assessment system emphasizing students' growth gains was also implemented.Third,a supportive hardware-and-software system was established,including a powerful digital platform,multidimensional communication channels,and a flexible equipment pool for exploratory learning.Two representative teaching cases involving quantum-computing exploration and saturated-absorption spectroscopy design illustrate how students are guided from passive operation toward active inquiry and how an experimental "designer's perspective" is cultivated.Teaching practice indicates that the establishment of these objectives and the implementation of the framework promote students' transition from "operators" to "designers" and help enhance their scientific literacy and innovative capability.
2026 05 v.46;No.235 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1870K] - WANG Zesheng;MENG Feiyang;YANG Mingrui;LIN Zhihao;LIU Junxian;SUN Wenbo;Department of Physics,Tsinghua University;Department of Mechanical Engineering,Tsinghua University;Zhili College,Tsinghua University;
Convolutional neural networks are widely used in tasks such as image recognition due to their excellent performance in two-dimensional data processing.To address the limited AI computing power under the traditional digital integrated circuit computing architecture,this study designs an optical convolution system based on a microlens array.Utilizing the ultra-high-speed and high-parallelism characteristics of optical computing,it achieves convolution computation based on the principles of geometrical optics.The system loads image information and convolution kernels using a spatial light modulator,segments the light field through a microlens array,modulates the segmented sub-regions in parallel using the convolution kernel,and finally converges through the imaging optical path to achieve summation,thuscompletingtheconvolutioncomputationinopticalspace.Thisstudypresentstheimplementationprincipleoftheopticalconvolutionsystembasedonamicrolensarray,designs the experimental optical path,and proposes implementation methods for key technologies such as system calibration,convolution kernel implementation,and image post-processing.Experimental results show that the system possesses basic imaging performance and the ability to implement complex feature operators such as Gaussian operator,Gradient operator,and Laplacian operator.Limited by device accuracy,the system still has errors caused by aberrations and diffraction.It can provide verification for the feasibility of optical convolution schemes based on geometrical optical architecture in image preprocessing tasks.
2026 05 v.46;No.235 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1669K] - DU Chunguang;Department of Physics,Tsinghua University;
When a light wave is reflected at the interface between two semi-infinite media,the relative phase between the reflected and incident amplitudes is a fundamental optical effect.Another fundamental phase relation arises in a symmetric beam splitter between its reflection and transmission amplitudes.Both effects originate from the phase structure of wave scattering,although their underlying connection is not always clearly understood.As a pedagogical investigation,this paper systematically analyzes these phase relations using simple one-dimensional potential models in quantum mechanics and provides intuitive physical explanations.For asymmetricsquarebarrier,the reflected and transmitted amplitudes necessarily differ in phase by±π/2,with the reflection phase referenced at the interface on the incident side and the transmission phase referenced at the interface on the exit side.The result is further extended to general symmetric barriers,for which the detailed form of the barrier determines only whether the phase difference is+π/2 or-π/2.The role of this phase structure in the second-order interference of two identical particles is then examined.Through this sequence of analysis,half-wave loss at a reflecting interface,the phase relation in a symmetric beam splitter,and multiparticle quantum interference are incorporated into a unified wave-scattering framework.This treatment provides a useful pedagogical reference for related topics in quantum mechanics and optics courses.
2026 05 v.46;No.235 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 177K] - SONG Fei;WANG Yuhang;GUO Xubo;WU Shan;CHEN Zhengyu;ZHANG Liuwan;Department of Physics,Tsinghua University;
The Franck-Hertz experiment,a landmark experiment in the history of modern physics,plays a significant role in undergraduate laboratory courses for elucidating atomic structure models.This paper presents an improved design for the Franck-Hertz experiment,encompassing six aspects:integration of historical context,automated data acquisition,design of experiments targeting high-excitation states,fostering of team collaboration,training in scientific software usage,and progressive formulation of thought-provoking questions.With these enhancements,students are relieved from the burden of tedious manual data recording,thereby freeing up time to substantially expand and deepen the experimental content.In addition to maintaining a balance between theoretical instruction and hands-on training,the revised approach further cultivates scientific inquiry skills and reinforces basic competencies in scientific literacy.This reform aligns with the general-education philosophy underlying experimental physics teaching at Tsinghua University.
2026 05 v.46;No.235 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 642K] - GUO Xubo;WANG Yuhang;SONG Fei;WU Shan;LIU Yingying;ZHANG Liuwan;Department of Physics,Tsinghua University;
The Experimental Physics Teaching Center of the Department of Physics at Tsinghua University has carried out the improvementand teaching practice of a series of fundamental physics experiment courses based on “integration of science and education” and a“modular platform”.This paper elaborates on the overall design philosophy and teaching practices.Efforts have been strengthened in building research-oriented and challenging experimentssuch as coaxial photonic crystals and rotating fiber-optic interferometers.Open and transparent teaching platforms combining general-purpose instruments with self-developed modular has been adopted.A progressive “foundation-comprehensive-research” teaching model has been implemented to promote personalized teaching.Teaching practice shows that the courses have stimulated students' interest in learning and achieved positive results.
2026 05 v.46;No.235 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 113K] - XING Chengliang;SONG Fei;WANG Yuhang;ZHANG Liuwan;Qiuzhen College,Tsinghua University;Department of Physics,Tsinghua University;
While AI shows great potential in empowering physics experiments,the highly innovative and rapidly iterating nature of these experiments poses challenges for traditional Large Language Models(LLMs).Reasoning on specific methods typically requires full-context injection of local knowledge bases,resulting in excessive context consumption and high inference costs.This study proposes an intelligent agent framework for physics experiments integrating dynamic context-aware management and collaborative reasoning.Adaptable to existing LLMs,the framework dynamically extracts and injects high-value information into the context,significantly reducing inference costs and improving efficiency without compromising reasoning quality compared to full-context methods.By supporting rapid secondary development and diverse scenario adaptation,the framework effectively overcomes computational and cost bottlenecks,offering an efficient and flexible paradigm for the automation and intelligent transformation of physics experiments.
2026 05 v.46;No.235 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 323K]
2026 05 v.46;No.235 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 544K]